Faults and Fault Detection
Last Edit July 22, 2001
Extension to Three-State and Bidirectional Structures
Three-state and bidirectional structures, such as TTL three-state outputs
and bidirectional I/O macros, may be tested using the Minimal Test Sequence.
The states for which the Existence Function map shows a Z (for three-state)
or a PAD (for bidirectional macro in input mode) are mapped along with
the conventional points with a value of one. The EN enable is treated
as any other input. The same link formation rules apply.
The differences are:
- A link may exist with 1 or 0 at one end and Z or PAD at the other.
- There are no PAD-PAD or Z-Z links.
- A 1-Z, Z-1, 0-Z or Z-0 link does not violate the rule requiring that
an output change state on each successive vector.
Using the same basic rules as before with these additions, a Minimal
Test Sequence was successfully developed for both a TTL three-state output
and a bidirectional I/O macro.
Extension to Sequential Circuits
Sequential circuits are testable with the Minimal Test Sequence. The
sequence is applied after the circuit is initialized.
The Existence Function is developed mapping the Qn points representing
"hold previous value". These are handled in the same manner as the Z or
PAD values of the three-state and bidirectional devices.
Violations of the rules requiring an observable output to change state
occur when a 1-Qn or 0-Qn link is used. In fact, a sequential circuit
must test HOLD 0 and HOLD 1. The sequence must include 1-Qn-1 and 0-QN-0
connections.
A sequential device with a set or reset must be tested as shown in Table
9-6.
Table 9-6 Sequential Device
- Start with the circuit showing an unknown X state on the output(s)
- Execute a SET or RESET to initialize the device
- Begin the sequence, starting from the SET or RESET state
- For a device with SET and no output inversion, the toggle X-1 is
tested but the toggle X-0 is not.
- For a device with RESET and no output inversion, the toggle X-0 is
tested but the toggle X-1 is not.
Reference
For reference, test sequences for SSI logic are listed on Advanced
Logic Circuit Design Techniques, page 259 of Svoboda, White, Garland
STPM Press, 1974. Simplistic invertors and non-inverting drivers are not
listed. Several combinational circuits are examined in detail. They were
chosen based on their characteristics and cover a range of difficult test
situations. A three-state output, a bidirectional I/O, a latch and a D
flip/flop macro are examined here.
|